Cloning

Cloning

**// What is cloning? //**

Its making an exact same copy of an organism by duplicating its genetic material. This means that every single Gene in the DNA is the same as the original being!



**// How can we clone an animal? //**

Two ways: **Artificial embryo twinning** or **somatic cell nuclear transfer**


 * Artificial embryo twinning: ** Process where the cell of a future baby is duplicates. Its exactly the same as twins, one cell divides into to form two identical individuals. But when cloning, the cell is duplicated in a dish until its placed in a surrogate mother until its birth.

** Somatic cell nuclear transfer: ** The process is different than the artificial embryo twinning, but its produces the same thing. The difference is that is uses somatic cells. Somatic cell is any kind of cell except the two main types of cells, sperm and egg. In mammals, somatic cells have two chromosomes.

[|What is cloning]

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/whatiscloning/

Clones are complete genetic copies of each other, or twins. Using genetic engineering, scientists can control the genetic codes, certain traits, and other attributes concerning the growth and DNA of the genetic copy. [|Animal Clones]
 * [[image:http://www.sciencenewsforkids.org/articles/20040128/a299_1494.jpg caption="Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned from the DNA of an adult. Here she is with her first-born lamb, Bonnie."]] ||
 * Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned from the DNA of an adult. Here she is with her first-born lamb, Bonnie. ||

[|http://www.sciencenewsforkids.org/articles/20040128/Feature1.asp] Dolly the sheep was the first mammal who was succesfully cloned from the DNA of an adult cell, or embryo. The cloning process involved an nucleus from an udder cell. This experiment was conducted at the Roslin Institute and became a widely known scientific achievement. However, it also raised several ethical concerns. Some ethical problems that surfaced included : -A standstill in genetic improvements -Could create a black market for stolen or discared embryos -Clones that survive often have fatal problems causing issues in their genes -Could cause higher risk in diseases [|Cloning Dolly the Sheep]

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Process of Cloning In order to clone the sheep Dolly several procedures were used to be able to use genetic engineering at its maximum potential. The first step was to isolate the nucleus from the non reproductive donor sheep. This step is done several times to gather many nuclei. To do this procedure one needs a really small syringe in order to suck in the nucleus. The second step was to retrieve several unfertilized eggs from a female sheep, several samples are required due to some eggs wont survive. The third step is to retrieve the eggs cell nucleus. This is important due to it containing one half of the genetic material of the sheep. The fourth step is to put in the nucleus with its full genetic material, this nucleus is isolated from the donnor mammal from step one due to it having no nuclear material. The fith and last step of the procedure is to place the result into the female sheep womb. When the offspring are born they will be gentically identical to the donnor sheep. []

Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloning media type="youtube" key="0-14nD3Axdc?fs=1" height="385" width="480"

Advantages
 * 1) Able to get dominant and superior genes constantly
 * 2) It's a gene which is already modified.
 * 3) Able to have more and same individuals easily

Disadvantages
 * 1) Lose the diversity of genes
 * 2) Chaos of having same individuals
 * 3) Could have genetic problems



Information Advantage 1: By getting dominant and superior genes constantly, we are able to get good outcomes continuously Advantage 2: It's a gene which is already modified. Thus, it's easier to figure out the amount of production (Agricultural) Advantage 3: So, they can have a twin or animals more for food

Disadvantage 1: By losing the diversity, the organism could be exterminated if the organism can't sustain the virus or bacteria. - 1 Disadvantage 2: Not able to specify who is who and which is which <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">Disadvantage 3: By eating geneticly changed food, people or organisms may have genetical problems which will affect a lot in a bad way <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Bono386 (2010-11-16) []



Recently, meat from cloned cows in England was introduced in the food supply illegaly, what can cause many problems because it didn't have the authorization before being sold. And science didn't confirm if it's safe to eat food from cloned animals yet. So the risk is that if this kind os food is in the market, there's the possibility of serious health problems. http://www.opposingviews.com/i/cloned-beef-accidentally-enters-england-food-chain



Scientists created cloning human in Dec, 26, 2002. But now a days, creating cloning human is crime. By the way, in some movies, there are completely same human who have cloned, but it is wrong. They have same genetic information, and same genes, but they can’t be completely same. Because of this reason is human have their own characteristics. ([|Youtube, Human cloning])
 * Human Cloning**

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The clone animals die early. There is some reason but right now, scientists haven’t found yet. They could find the main reason that the internal organs of cloning body are not perfect. And they can get problem easily, like disease. The first cloning animal, Dolly also died in 6 years, because of its lung disease. ([|Cloning Dolly the Sheep])
 * Dieing Young**